Patented Oct. 15, 1940. 2,218,497
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
2,218,497
ELECTRICAL INSULATOR
Donald H. Smith, Hempstead, N.Y., and Herbert H. Wheeler, Millburn, N.J., assignors to the Western Union Telegraph Company, New York, N.Y., a corporation of New York
Application December 3, 1938, Serial No. 243,762
7 Claims. (Cl. 174-211)
This
invention relates generally to electrical insulators, and more
particularly to pole line Insulators for use with telegraph, telephone
and other communication circuits. The
signaling currents employed in communication circuits are usually of
small amplitude and a definite and considerable portion of each signal
impulse transmitted is required for operating the receiving apparatus,
such as relays in telegraph circuits. While repeaters are employed at
convenient locations, in certain instances the repeater points are
necessarily spaced considerable distances apart and the signals reaching
the receiving apparatus may become considerably attenuated, and since
the margin of operation on communication circuits under favorable
conditions is relatively small, any substantial loss of signaling
current due to line leakage seriously Interferes with the normal
operation of the system. Also, communication circuits frequently are
disposed along highways and railroad right of ways in connection with
other signaling and power lines, and are subject to interference
therefrom, and a considerable portion of the signaling current is
required to override the transient or interfering currents set up
therein because of such adjacent signaling and power lines, and this
further reduces the operating margin of the communication signals. In order to maintain the insulation of communication circuits as high as
possible, it has heretofore been the practice to employ vitreous
material, such as glass or porcelain, for pole line Insulators, since
such material, especially glass, was found the most practicable for such
purposes. Glass and other vitreous insulators, however, are subject to
various disadvantages. Pole line insulators form ideal targets for
malicious persons who throw stones and missiles or shoot at them, with
resultant breakage of the insulators. When an Insulator is thus cracked
or broken, it enables dirt, and other foreign matter carried by the
elements to collect in the cracked or broken portion and this forms a
conducting leakage path over the surface of the insulator, particularly
in rainy or humid weather, and if a portion of the skirt or petticoat of
the insulator is broken away, this reduces the length of the leakage
path over the insulator with the result that the insulator loses its
desired insulation value. Also,
when insulators are cracked or broken, there is a tendency for the
insulators to be pulled or to fly off the pins on which they are
supported, and the wire carried by the loose insulator may ground on the
crossarm or swing into the adjacent wire, thus either
grounding or short-circuiting the communication circuit or causing the
same to be crossed with an adjacent circuit. In
an effort to avoid breakage of insulators, it has heretofore been
proposed to employ shields, usually of metal, to protect the insulator.
The installation and maintenance of such shields, however, is expensive
and is disadvantageous because the shields reduce the clearance between
adjacent wires and also introduce additional undesired capacity between
the conductors of a circuit and between these conductors and ground,
which capacity effect materially attenuates the signals. A
further disadvantage of glass and other vitreous insulators is that when
dry and clean they may provide a negligible leakage path for the signal
current, but when exposed to rain or moisture they are subject to
considerable surface leakage, and thus the insulation of the circuit
varies between wide limits and may necessitate frequent readjustment of
the terminal and repeater apparatus, or the Insulation of the circuit
may become so low as to render the circuit inoperative. The most severe
conditions of surface leakage in such insulators occur during periods of
rain, fog, and high humidity. During rainfall the outer surface of the
insulator becomes completely wet and the inner surface also becomes wet
due to splash and condensation. By reason of the relatively low
interfacial tension characteristics of the glass with water, the splash
or condensation on the inner surface of the insulator usually produces a
continuous film of water on the surface, thereby materially increasing
leakage over the insulator. During periods of fog the particles of
moisture deposited on the insulator surfaces also tend to run together
and form a continuous film of water. During periods of high humidity and
varying temperature conditions, the moisture condenses on the surfaces
of the insulator, and this also forms a continuous film of water. Even
though the temperature conditions during periods of high humidity are
not such as to induce condensation, nevertheless considerable leakage is
often experienced as a result of the absorption of moisture from the air
by the hygroscopic free alkalies and other chemicals which are present
in the surface of the glass or other vitreous material. In an effort to prevent the formation of continuous films of water,
particularly on the inner surfaces of the insulator during periods of
rain, fog and condensation, it has heretofore been proposed to employ a
special iridescent coating on glass
insulators in the manner disclosed in the Wheeler and McGinnis
application, Ser. No. 621,478, filed July 8, 1932, now patent No
2,165,773, issued July 11, 1939, which coating exhibits the
characteristic of high interfacial tension with water.
Such insulators, however, retain various inherent disadvantages
of glass and other vitreous insulators, in that they are fragile end
subject to breakage and have to be made large and bulky to provide
reasonable measure of strength. Furthermore, the material of such
insulators has a relatively high coefficient of thermal conductivity.
This result in a relatively large amount of condensation of moisture on
both the outer and inner surfaces of the insulators when the insulators
are subjected to currents of moisture bearing air.
Since these insulators are large and bulky, the dielectric losses
are considerable, and it is difficult to obtain the close spacing which
is desirable between conductors in high frequency communication circuits
to counteract interference and crosstalk. Various
substitutes, including hard vulcanized rubber have been suggested in
place of glass and porcelain for insulators, but none of these
substitutes bas proved electrically and mechanically satisfactory in
service, and in none of these insulators has the surface portion thereof
that comprises a leakage path over the insulator had the desired high
interfacial tension with water. The
object of this invention is an insulator in which the foregoing
disadvantages of vitreous insulators and substitutes therefore are
obviated. A
specific object is an insulator substantially composed of a rubber
compound or the like, which has a surface that exhibits high interfacial
tension with water. Another
object is an insulator of the character disclosed, which exhibits and
retains in service high insulation characteristics. A
further object is an insulator of the character disclosed in which the
dielectric losses are low. Still
another object is an Insulator which exhibits the desired physical and
electrical properties, and which facilitates close spacing between
adjacent wires of a high frequency circuit. Other objects and attendant advantages will appear from
the following detailed description taken in connection with the
accompanying drawings in which: Fig.
1 is a view in elevation, of a communication type insulator
substantially composed of a rubber compound in accordance with my
invention; Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section of Fig. 1, showing the
manner in which the insulator is mounted on its supporting pin; Fig. 3 illustrates the relative sizes and configurations
of an insulator embodying my invention and a standard glass insulator of
the type heretofore employed for the same type of service; Fig. 4 shows a modified form of an insulator in
accordance with the Invention; Fig. 5 illustrates the small spacing and clearance
present with standard glass insulators when it is attempted to obtain
the optimum spacing between adjacent conductors in high frequency
communication circuits; and Fig. 6 illustrates the large effective clearance
obtainable between the conductors of the circuit of Fig. 5, when
supported by insulators in accordance with the present invention. Referring particularly to Figs. 1 and 2, there is
shown a communication type insulator substantially composed of a
vulcanized rubber compound in accordance with the invention, the
insulator having a crown portion 10, a wire groove portion 11 for
receiving the line wire, a reentrant skirt or petticoat portion 12, and
a pin hole 13 for receiving the threaded portion 14a of a metal
insulator pin 14 which is secured, by a reduced portion 14b thereof, to
the crossarm of a pole line in known manner. The
losses in signaling current occasioned by line insulators are, in
general, due to three causes: First, the leakage from the line
conductor, including its tie wire, over the outer surface of the
insulator and under its skirt or petticoat to the supporting insulator
pin; second, the leakage from the line conductor and tie wire through
the material of the insulator to the insulator pin; and third, the
dielectric losses. As hereinbefore stated, the first cause of losses in
signaling current, which is surface leakage, causes considerable trouble
under rainy or humid conditions in insulators of the types heretofore
employed and in which both the outer and inner surfaces of the insulator
may become covered with a film of moisture, The second cause of losses
will also become considerable If the material of the insulator does not
have a high specific volumetric resistance and maintain this high
resistance in service. With respect to the third cause of losses, which
are dielectric losses, these may be considerable if the material of the
insulator has a high dielectric constant or if the mass of the insulator
material disposed in the static field about the line wire and the tie
wire is large, these losses becoming increasingly important in high
frequency circuits since they increase with the frequency of the
communication currents employed. In
accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention claimed
herein, the insulator is composed of a soft vulcanized rubber compound,
and we have discovered that if an appreciable amount of one or more of
certain substances of the character hereinafter disclosed is compounded
with the rubber, this causes the surfaces of the rubber compound to have
a high interfacial tension with water and thus prevents the formation of
moisture films on the insulator surfaces to give the effect obtained by
the iridized coating in the aforesaid Wheeler and McGinnis patent. In
other words, the moisture occurring on the surface of the insulator by
reason of any condensation, splash or direct rain, forms in separate
globules which run off the surface freely without leaving a trail of
free moisture behind, and thus there is produced a non-wetting surface
which maintains high insulation values under the most adverse weather
conditions, thereby substantially reducing any loss of signaling current
due to line leakage and obviating the necessity of frequent readjustment
of the repeater and receiving apparatus employed in telegraph and other
communication circuits. Among the substances which when compounded with rubber have been found to
produce a surface having the desired high interfacial tension with
water, are hydrocarbon waxes, including paraffin, ceresin, ozokerite,
and amorphous types such as wax tailings, "mineral beeswax,"
and the like, vegetable waxes such as carnauba, montan, and others, and
animal waxes such as stearin, stearic acid, beeswax, Chinese insect wax,
tallow, spermaceti, and the like. Also, synthetic waxes, such as
hydrogenated montan wax, and higher
alcohols, and substances chemically similar to waxes, such as lanolin,
may be used. The proportions of such substances may vary within
relatively wide limits; satisfactory results have been obtained by using
one to five percent by weight of various of the foregoing substances.
These substances may be used in lesser or greater proportions, with
varying results, except that a sufficient amount of the substance must
be employed to cause the surface of the rubber compound to have the
desired high interfacial tension with water, without employing such
amount of the substance as deleteriously affects the physical properties
of the rubber compound. The desired proportions of these substances
relative to the rubber may readily be determined empirically in each
instance. It will be apparent that various waxes, synthetic waxes and
substances chemically similar to waxes, other than those specifically
mentioned, and derivatives thereof, may be employed.
In the specification and claims, wherever applicable, the term
"waxlike" is employed in a generic sense to define waxes,
synthetic waxes, substances chemically similar to waxes, wax substitutes
and/or equivalents thereof, which exhibit high interfacial tension with
water and/or when compounded with or incorporated in the rubber compound
cause the surface of the insulator to have the desired high interfacial
tension with water. As
is well known, rubber compounds ordinarily include numerous ingredients
other than rubber, such as ingredients for reinforcing, filling,
coloring, softening, vulcanizing, and as age-resistors, some of the well
known compounding ingredients including silica, clay, carbon, zinc
oxide, sulphur and magnesium carbonate. These compounding ingredients,
however, should be of such character or employed in such amounts that
they will not, to a material extent, detrimentally affect the desired
physical and electrical characteristics of the rubber compound,
particularly in regard to its specific electrical resistance, dielectric
losses and the like. Also, various synthetic and artificial rubber and
rubber-like products may be used in the compound in combination with or
to replace the rubber in whole or in part, the permissible extent of
such addition or replacement being limited only in so far as such
substitutes undesirably affect the desired physical and electrical
properties of the insulator. In
the specification and claims, wherever applicable, the term "rubber
compound" is employed in a generic sense to define compounds of
rubber and/or synthetic and artificial rubber, and rubber substitutes
and rubber-like products, including the various other compounding
ingredients and the waxlike substance or substances employed, and the
term "vulcanized" is employed in a generic sense to define any
process or curing treatment of the foregoing "rubber
compounds" to cause them to have and maintain in service the
necessary physical characteristics to render the same suitable for use
as an insulator of the character disclosed. By varying the amounts and
character of the compounding ingredients, including the vulcanizing
agents, the desired degree of softness or hardness and other physical
characteristics of the rubber compound can be obtained and, in so far as
obtaining the high interfacial tension with water, the rubber compound
may be relatively hard when vulcanized, although, as above stated, the
soft vulcanized rubber compound is preferable. In addition to the advantages attendant to the
high interfacial tension with water, it has been found that an insulator
composed of a soft vulcanized rubber compound in accordance with the
invention is non-porous and is substantially non-absorbent, and even
though certain of the materials used as fillers, pigments and other
compounding ingredients may in themselves be hygroscopic, such materials
are substantially sealed in the surface of the insulator against
moisture by the rubber and the substance or substances employed for
causing the surface to have a high interfacial tension with water. Thus
the formation of conducting films resulting from the presence of free
alkalies and other chemicals in glass and vitreous materials are
obviated. Furthermore,
an insulator composed of a soft vulcanized rubber compound in accordance
with the invention has a much lower coefficient of thermal conductivity
than glass, hard rubber and other materials heretofore proposed for line
insulator purposes. For example, the composition of the Insulator herein
disclosed may be such that it has a coefficient of approximately thermal
conductivity of .109, whereas the coefficient of glass varies between
approximately .33 and .5, and that of hard rubber is approximately .9,
these values being expressed in the English system of measures, i.e.,
B.T.U. per hour per square foot per foot thickness per degree of
Fahrenheit difference in temperature. It will be appreciated that hard
rubbers of specifically different formulas will present a considerable
variation in values of thermal conductivity; this is also true with
regard to the various glasses, and to a lesser extent to soft rubbers.
For example, depending upon the particular formulas employed, hard
rubber may have a coefficient of thermal conductivity ranging down to
.093 B.T.U.; the coefficient of Pyrex glass may be approximately .63
B.T.U.; and soft rubber .075 to .093 B.T.U.; the important
consideration, however, is that of the relative values of soft
vulcanized rubber and glass. Compounds
of such rubbers having compounded therewith a waxlike substance or
substances in accordance with the present invention will have
substantially the same coefficients of thermal conductivity as those of
the rubbers themselves. By reason of the low coefficient of thermal
conductivity obtainable with the insulator disclosed herein, the surface
of the insulator, under conditions of varying temperature, assumes more
rapidly the temperature of the surrounding air, and this minimizes the
amount of condensation of moisture. Furthermore, the skirt in the
insulator of this invention may be made relatively thin, and as a result
the time required to bring the material of this portion of the insulator
to the temperature of the surrounding air is short, and hence the amount
of condensation is further reduced. Because of the foregoing characteristics, insulators in accordance with the invention retain the desired insulating |
characteristics
for a considerably longer period of time than vitreous and other
insulators heretofore known. Tests have shown that insulators embodying
our invention which have been subjected to severe conditions of rain,
fog and dirt have retained their high insulating properties to a degree
substantially in excess of that exhibited by vitreous insulators,
including iridized insulators, exposed to the same conditions. Another important advantage of the use of a soft vulcanized rubber
compound in accordance with our invention is that the insulator
is non-breakable. Also, as disclosed in Fig. 2, the pin hole 13 in the
insulator does not have to be threaded for engagement with the threaded
portion of the pin 14, but may comprise a smooth bore since the diameter
of the pin hole may be made slightly less than the outer diameter of the
pin, the elasticity of the rubber compound enabling the insulator
readily to be forced on the pin, after which it resiliently grips the
pin and thus minimizes or precludes the possibility of the insulator
unscrewing off the pin because of vibration or flying off the pin
because of a pull exerted thereon by the line wire. Furthermore, the
insulator requires no wooden cob, shim or other cushioning material
between the metal pin and insulator which generally has to be employed
in the case of vitreous insulators to prevent cracking of the insulators
due to the different temperature coefficients of expansion of the
insulator and pin. Since no cob or shim is required, the mass of
material in the static field is greatly reduced, with consequent
reduction of dielectric losses, and the dielectric losses present in
wooden cobs are eliminated. It is, in fact, not necessary that the
insulator pin be provided with a threaded portion, since any
protuberance or roughened surface will enable the insulator to
effectively grip the pin, and by reason of the elasticity of the
material the insulator is adapted to receive pins with different
diameters and different threads. If desired, and as shown in Fig. 4, the
insulator may be molded and vulcanized on the pin 15, and thus the pin
and insulator become an integral structure so that there is no
possibility of the insulator flying off the pin. An additional advantage
of the insulator is that it has a dampening effect on vibration set up
in the line wires, and there is no injurious or abrasive effect on the
line wires by reason of the wires rubbing against the insulator, as is
the case when vitreous insulators are employed. Referring
again to Fig. 2, it will be seen that the crown and wire groove portions
10 and 11 are built up so that they are relatively inflexible and thus
enable the insulator to be rigidly mounted on an insulator pin or other
supporting member, and thereby prevent displacement of the insulator on
its support and accurately maintain the desired clearance between the
wire and the adjacent conductors and the supporting crossarm, and
rigidly support the line wire in a predetermined fixed position. The
crown and wire groove portions, however, are sufficiently elastic to
cause them to withstand the force of impact when struck by an object
without permanent deformation of or injury to said portions. As shown,
the underlip 11a of the wire groove is also relatively rigid and
inflexible, so that it can hold the weight of the wire even when loaded
with ice, at which time there may be a weight of from 300 to 400 pounds
per span exerted on the pin by the line wire. The
skirt 12, however, may be provided with a very thin wall, thereby to
obtain the benefits with respect to reduced condensation of moisture
above referred to, and to cause the skirt to be sufficiently flexible to
withstand better and partially absorb the force of impact when struck by
an object, the skirt thus materially preventing the force of impact from
being communicated to the upper portion of the insulator and possibly
causing displacement of the insulator. Fig. 3 illustrates the relative proportions and configurations of an
insulator in accordance with
the present invention, shown in full line in the figure, and a
conventional glass insulator i, the relative size and configuration of
which is shown approximately by broken lines in the figure. The two
insulators are each designed for the same circuit or the same class of
service. In the insulator in accordance with the present invention, the
largest diameter of the insulator, which is across the outer edges of
the reinforced lip portion 11a, is 1 7/8 inches whereas the largest
diameter of the glass insulator i, which is across the outer surfaces of
the outer petticoat shown, is 3 3/4 inches, the necessary overall
dimension of this insulator being approximately twice that of the
insulator of our invention. Also, the overall height of the insulator of
the invention, from the top of the crown to the bottom of the skirt is 3
5/16 inches, whereas the overall height of the glass insulator i, from
the top of its crown to the bottom of its drip point portion, is nearly
5 inches. Furthermore, the insulator of the invention requires but one
skirt or petticoat 12 which may be made quite thin; a skirt which at its
bottom portion 12a is only 3/32 inch thick has been found satisfactory.
Since no cob or shim is required, the inner diameter of the skirt may be
appreciably reduced, so that the skirt may closely approach the pin on
which the insulator is mounted, as will be seen from Fig. 2, and thereby
appreciably reduce the splash effect and also reduce the amount of dirt
and other foreign material that may come in contact with the inner
surface of the insulator. An insulator, such as shown in Fig. 3, in
which the inner diameter of the bottom portion 12a of the skirt is only
1 1/8 inches has been found suitable. In
the case of high frequency circuits it is often desirable to reduce the
spacing between conductors of a circuit to limit cross-talk and
interference, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. In Fig. 5 in which standard
glass insulators are used, it will be seen that, with a desired close
spacing between conductors, only a very limited separation is obtainable
between the tie wire t of conductor w and the tie wire t' of conductor
w', and that the separation between the insulators is still more
limited. This condition not only results in undesirable increase in
capacity between the conductors, but also results in the possibility of
serious leakage between the conductors due to spider webs and other
foreign substances extending or lodging between the insulators and tie
wires. With the same spacing between the conductors w and w' of Fig. 6,
in which insulators of the invention are employed, it will be seen that
nearly twice the spacing is obtained between the tie wires t and t', and
that the spacing between the insulators is many times that obtainable by
the standard glass insulators, thereby preventing undesirable increase
in capacity between the conductors, and reducing the likelihood of
serious leakage between the conductors of the circuit. The
invention disclosed herein which is not recited in the appended claims,
particularly in regard to the mechanical features of an insulator
composed of a rubber compound is not disclaimed but comprises the
subject matter of a copending continuation-in-part application of D. H.
Smith and H. H. Wheeler, Serial No.348,708 filed July 31, 1940. While there are shown and described herein certain preferred substances
and embodiments, many other and varied forms, uses and substances will
suggest themselves to those versed in
the art without departing from the invention, and the invention is
therefore not limited except as indicated by the scope of the appended
claims. We
claim: 1.
An insulator for supporting a line conductor, adapted to be mounted on
an insulator supporting member and to maintain high line insulation
values over long periods of time and under adverse weather conditions,
the body of said insulator being substantially composed of a vulcanized
rubber compound and having means for securing the same to said insulator
supporting member, a wire groove portion for supporting said line
conductor in predetermined fixed position with respect to said
supporting member, said vulcanized rubber compound comprising means for
causing the surface of the insulator body which forms a leakage path
over the insulator between said line conductor and insulator supporting
member to have and retain in service non-wetting characteristics, said
last named means comprising a waxlike substance compounded with and
forming a component of said vulcanized rubber compound and having the
property of causing said surface to exhibit high interfacial tension
with water, said waxilke substance being present in an amount sufficient
to produce the desired non-wetting surface characteristics, but less in
amount than that which to a substantial extent would detrimentally
affect the physical] characteristics of the vulcanized rubber compound
when thus employed as an insulator body. 2.
An Insulator for supporting a line conductor, adapted to be mounted on
an insulator supporting member and to maintain high insulation values
over long periods of time and under adverse weather conditions, the body
of said insulator being substantially composed of a vulcanized rubber
compound and having means for securing the same to said insulator
supporting member, a wire groove portion for supporting said line
conductor in predetermined fixed position with respect to said
supporting member and a reentrant skirt portion for increasing the
leakage path between the line conductor and insulator supporting member,
said vulcanized rubber compound comprising means for causing the surface
of the insulator body which forms a leakage path over the insulator
between said line conductor and insulator supporting member to have and
retain in service non-wetting characteristics, said last named means
comprising a waxlike substance compounded with and forming a component
of said vulcanized rubber compound and having the property of causing
said surface to exhibit high interfacial tension with water, said
waxlike substance being present in an amount sufficient to produce the
desired non-wetting surface characteristics, but less in amount than
that which to a substantial extent would detrimentally affect the
physical characteristics of the vulcanized rubber compound when thus
employed as an insulator body. 3. An insulator for supporting a line conductor, adapted to be mounted on
an insulator supporting member and to maintain high line insulation
values over long periods of time and under adverse weather conditions,
the body of said insulator being substantially composed of a vulcanized
rubber compound and having means for securing the same to said insulator
supporting member, a wire groove portion for supporting said line
conductor in predetermined fixed position
with respect to said supporting member and a reentrant skirt portion for
increasing the leakage path between the line conductor and insulator
supporting member, said skirt portion being relatively thin with respect
to the skirt portion of an insulator composed of glass, porcelain and
the like, said vulcanized rubber compound comprising means for causing
the surface of the insulator body which forms a leakage path over the
Insulator between said line conductor and insulator supporting member to
have and retain in service non-wetting characteristics, said last named
means comprising a waxlike substance compounded with and forming a
component of said vulcanized rubber compound and having the property of
causing said surface to exhibit high interfacial tension with water,
said waxlike substance being present in an amount sufficient to produce
the desired non-wetting surface characteristics, but less In amount than
that which to a substantial extent would detrimentally affect the
physical characteristics of the vulcanized rubber compound when thus
employed as an insulator body. 4.
A pole line insulator for supporting a line conductor, adapted to be
mounted on an insulator supporting member and to maintain high line
insulation values over long periods of time and under adverse weather
conditions, the body of said insulator being substantially composed of a
vulcanized rubber compound and having means for securing the same to
said Insulator supporting member, a wire groove portion for supporting
said line conductor in predetermined fixed position with respect to said
supporting member and a skirt portion for increasing the leakage path
between the line conductor and insulator supporting member, said
vulcanized rubber compound having a coefficient of thermal conductivity
substantially lower than that of glass and comprising means for causing
the surface of the insulator body which forms a leakage path over the
insulator between said line conductor and insulator supporting member,
to have and retain in service non-wetting characteristics, said last
named means comprising a waxlike substance compounded with and forming a
component of said vulcanized rubber compound and having the property of
causing said surface to exhibit high interfacial tension with water,
said waxlike substance being present in an amount sufficient to produce
the desired non-wetting surface characteristics, but less in amount than
that which to a substantial extent would detrimentally affect the
physical characteristics of the vulcanized rubber compound when thus
employed as an insulator body. 5. An insulator for supporting a line conductor, adapted to be mounted on
an insulator supporting member and to maintain high line insulation
values over long periods of time and under adverse weather conditions,
the body of said insulator being substantially composed of a soft
vulcanized rubber compound and having means for securing the same to
said insulator supporting member, a wire groove portion for supporting
the line conductor in predetermined fixed position with respect to said
supporting member, said soft vulcanized rubber compound having a
coefficient of thermal conductivity substantially lower than that of
glass and comprising means for causing the surface of the insulator body
which forms a leakage path over the insulator between said line
conductor and insulator supporting member to have and retain in service
non-wetting characteristics, said last named means comprising a waxlike
substance compounded with and forming a component of said soft
vulcanized rubber compound and having the property of causing said
surface to exhibit high interfacial tension with water, said waxlike
substance being present in an amount sufficient to produce the desired
non-wetting surface characteristics, but less in amount than that which
to a substantial extent would detrimentally affect the physical
characteristics of the soft vulcanized rubber compound when thus
employed as an Insulator body. 6. An insulator for supporting a line conductor, adapted to be mounted on
an insulator supporting member and to maintain high line insulation
values over long periods of time and under adverse weather conditions,
the body of the insulator being substantially composed of a soft
vulcanized rubber compound which includes fillers, pigments and other
compounding ingredients for giving desired physical characteristics to
the compound, the character of said fillers, pigments and other
compounding ingredients and the relative proportions thereof being such
that the compound has a high specific electrical resistance, said
insulator body having means for securing the same to said insulator
supporting member, a wire groove portion for supporting said line
conductor in predetermined fixed position with respect to said
supporting member, said soft vulcanized rubber compound comprising means
for causing the surface of the insulator body which forms a leakage path
over the insulator between said line conductor and insulator supporting
member to have and retain in service non-wetting characteristics, said
last named means comprising a waxlike substance compounded with and
forming a component of said soft vulcanized rubber compound and having
the property of causing said surface to exhibit high Interfacial tension
with water, said waxlike substance being present in an amount sufficient
to cause said compound to have low hygroscopicity and also to produce
the desired non-wetting surface characteristics, but less In amount than
that which
to a substantial extent would detrimentally affect the physical
characteristics of the rubber compound thus employed as an insulator
body. 7.
A pole line insulator for supporting a line conductor, adapted to be
mounted on an insulator supporting member and to maintain high line
insulation values over long periods of time and under adverse weather
conditions, the body of the insulator being substantially composed of a
soft vulcanized rubber compound which includes rubber and fillers,
pigments and other compounding ingredients for giving desired physical
characteristics to the compound, the character of said fillers, pigments
and other compounding ingredients and the proportions thereof relative
to the rubber being such that the compound has a high specific
electrical resistance, said insulator body having means for securing the
same to said insulator supporting member, a wire groove portion for
supporting said line conductor in predetermined fixed position with
respect to said supporting member and a reentrant skirt portion for
increasing the leakage path between the line conductor and insulator
supporting member, said soft vulcanized rubber compound comprising means
for causing the surface of the insulator body which forms a leakage path
over the insulator between said line conductor and insulator supporting
member to have and retain in service non-wetting characteristics, said
last named means comprising a waxlike substance compounded with and
forming a component of said soft vulcanized rubber compound and having
the property of causing said surface to exhibit high interfacial tension
with water, said waxlike substance being present in an amount sufficient
to cause said compound to have low hygroscopicity and also to produce
the desired non-wetting surface characteristics, but less in amount than
that which to a substantial extent would detrimentally affect the
physical characteristics of the rubber compound thus employed as an
insulator body.
DONALD H. SMITH. HERBERT H. WHEELER. |